Global earthworm distribution and activity windows based on soil hydromechanical constraints

Abstract Earthworm activity modifies soil structure and promotes important hydrological ecosystem functions for agricultural systems. Earthworms use their flexible hydroskeleton to burrow expand biopores. Hence, is constrained by hydromechanical conditions that permit deformation at earthworm’s maximal hydroskeletal pressure (?200kPa). A mechanistic biophysical model developed here link the biomechanical limits of earthworm burrowing with moisture texture predict bioturbation across biomes. We include additional constraints exclude such as freezing temperatures, low pH, high sand content develop first predictive global map habitats in good agreement observed occurrence patterns. strongly seasonal dynamics vary latitudes largely due status. The delineates potential migration via connectivity hospitable sites highlights regions sensitive climate.